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The lesion, containing varying quantities of calcific material, will sometimes develop rapidly over days or weeks weeks|days and even weeks}. Microscopically, it resembles early fracture callus with energetic proliferation of cartilage cells and fibroblasts. Histologic sections present periosteal lamellar bone, irregularly covered with hypercellular cartilage. There is often atypia of the cartilage cells could be} mistakenly recognized as a malignancy if the pathologist is unaware of the scientific and radiographic features of the lesion. Acquired osteochondroma or turret exostosis is the top stage of the maturation course of. Benign Tumors of Soft Tissues Giant Cell Tumor of the Tendon Sheath A giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath is the second most typical lesion of the hand and wrist. It additionally be|can be} referred to as localized nodular tenosynovitis, pigmented villonodular tenosynovitis, fibrous xanthoma, and benign synovioma. A giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath presents as a slow-growing, firm, nontender mounted mass with a predilection for the radial three digits, particularly in the space of the distal interphalangeal joints. The tumor is usually multinodular and has a propensity to involve the neighboring joint. Long-standing lesions adjacent to bone may trigger stress erosion of the cortex; rarely is there any bony invasion. Histologically, the tumor is similar to intra-articular pigmented villonodular synovitis, although it tends to be more solid and nodular. The surgical dissection should be meticulous to positive that|be positive that} any extension of tumor into the joint is eliminated (4, C). Recurrences also are handled with native Figure 2 Posteroanterior radiograph of a giant cell reparative granuloma (arrow) in the diaphyseal portion of the fifth metacarpal in a 14-year-old boy who had had trauma to the hand 5 months earlier. These lesions are most commonly found in the phalanges of adults (25 to 45 years). Although every lesion presents as a special scientific pathologic entity, a single unifying etiology has been proposed. The mass had been present for several of} years and brought on a stress erosion of the underlying proximal phalanx (arrow). C, At surgical procedure, the nodular lesion was found to be connected to the tendon, and there was a small intracapsular extension into the proximal interphalangeal joint (tip of probe). D, Photomicrograph showing sheets of spherical to ovoid mononuclear cells and osteoclast-like giant cells (arrow) with thin bands of collagenous stroma (hematoxylin-eosin, authentic magnification �125). Fibroma of the Tendon Sheath A fibroma of the tendon sheath is a circumscribed tumor, rarely >2 cm in diameter, connected to the tendon sheaths of digits. Histologically, the tumor resembles a giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath but with much much less cellularity and with out xanthoma cells or giant cells. At surgical procedure, the tumor often can be simply separated from surrounding structures by blunt dissection. Care have to be taken to determine and shield neurovascular structures would possibly be} often displaced by the tumor. Hemangioma A hemangioma consists of proliferating blood vessels and often seems throughout the first few years of life. Typically, the tumor has a rapidly growing proliferative section which will lengthy as} 1 year, adopted by an involutional section during which the tumor gradually fades and regresses. Hemangiomas are sometimes sophisticated by bleeding, ulceration, infection, or a coagulopathy. Bleeding and ulceration are fairly common and are handled by compression of the lesion and native wound care. The coagulopathy is a thrombocytopenia secondary to platelet trapping in the tumor (Kasabach-Merritt syndrome). This uncommon situation often is associated with massive hemangiomas in major muscle teams outside the hand. Recurrence is related to the dimensions, location, and degree of softtissue infiltration of the unique lesion, properly as|in addition to} to the completeness of the first excision. Recurrence of hemangiomas in the hand could be very low, with a reported incidence of 2%. A glomus tumor is a benign tumor that incorporates modified perivascular clean muscle cells, a part of a glomus body. The classic scientific pic- Vol eleven, No 2, March/April 2003 one hundred thirty five Tumorlike Lesions and Benign Tumors of the Hand and Wrist ture is a blue-red subungual lesion accompanied by the symptom triad of cold hypersensitivity, paroxysmal ache, and exquisite level tenderness. The history and physical examination often are adequate to make the prognosis, and surgical excision of the tumor is curative. When the tumor is subungual, the nail is eliminated and a longitudinal incision is made in the nail bed. Although each tumors come up from Schwann cells, neurofibromas contain perineural cells, fibroblasts, and mucoid material. However, remedy for the neurofibroma of a giant nerve, such because the median or ulnar nerve, is more problematic. To take away the tumor, the concerned nerve section is excised, adopted by end-to-end restore or interposition of nerve grafts when the tumor is massive. Whereas the potential for malignant degeneration of a solitary neurofibroma is uncommon, malignant degeneration in neurofibromatosis has been reported to be as high as 15%. Radiographs regularly present focal or diffuse calcification throughout the lesion and, occasionally, stress erosion on the underlying bone. Histologically, the tumor consists of mature lobulated hyaline cartilage with occasional areas of fibrosis and/or myxoid material. Synovial chondromatosis differs from chondromas by its prevalence in joints or tendon sheaths. Tumors that come up from the synovial membrane of joints also can have an extra-articular tenosynovial part. Typically, multiple of} cartilaginous foci calcify into nodules that appear as radiodense lesions on radiographs. Common signs include ache, swelling, and decreased mobility of the concerned joint. Treatment consists of excision of the cartilaginous bodies and the concerned synovium, either arthroscopically, when the tumor is in the wrist joint, or as an open process. The tumor consists of hypercellular (Antoni A cell) and hypocellular (Antoni B cell) areas; the nuclei of the spindle cells have a palisading arrangement referred to as Verocay bodies. Most schwannomas are asymptomatic, but some may cause neurologic deficits ensuing from compression of nerve fibers. A schwannoma usually is properly circumscribed and eccentrically positioned on a peripheral nerve. With massive tumors, there could also be} compression of the fascicles, leading to some neurologic deficit. Most schwannomas are solitary lesions, but multiple of} lesions inside a single nerve or nerve trunk do occur. The tumor is excised using magnification and microsurgical techniques to cut back the chance of iatrogenic injury to the nerve fibers. Malignant trans- Extraosseous Chondroma and Synovial Chondromatosis Extraosseous chondromas are slow-growing, painless, nontender Leiomyoma A leiomyoma is a clean muscle tumor that occasionally occurs in the subcutaneous tissues of the hand and digits. Angiomyoma, additionally referred to as a vascular leiomyoma or angioleiomyoma, is a vascular variant of a leiomyoma. B, Palmar radiograph showing erosion of the metacarpal head and radiodensities in the delicate tissues. D, Photomicrograph showing cellular metaplastic nodules of hyaline cartilage arising in synovium (hematoxylin-eosin, authentic magnification �80). Benign Tumors of Bone Cartilage-Forming Tumors Cartilaginous tumors are the most typical sort of main bone tumor in the hand. Some are found incidentally; others present with ache, swelling, limited vary of motion, and sometimes a pathologic fracture. Cartilage-forming tumors include enchondromas, periosteal chondromas, and osteochondromas. The tumor is most commonly present in African-American girls in their fourth by way of sixth a long time. Rarely is the right prognosis made before microscopic examination of the biopsy specimen. Radiographically, the lesion is centrally positioned, properly circumscribed, radiolucent, and sometimes associated with punctate calcifications. The histologic characteristics of enchondromas in the hand are sometimes different from these of enchondromas at other websites in the body.

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In 1994, the Korean government tried to promote concepts of globalization and implemented practices of globalization among the Korean inhabitants. This future picture includes a post-industrial society and results in a brand new} direction advancement and linear evolution. Many additionally thought of globalization an inevitable and irreversible drive, to which the country needed to reply sooner rather than later. The imaginative and prescient of a globalized Korea, which emerged on the finish of the twentieth century, is driven by neo-liberalism and materialistic worldviews. However, end result of} economic prosperity and democratic consolidation, the long run} picture of an advanced Korea has modified from certainly one of economic growth to a certainly one of balanced growth. There is little question that growth and integration are common economic and social values that Korean society needs to pursue. The expertise of the previous governments exhibits that securing broad public assist is possible when growth and integration are promoted in a balanced means. Moreover, highly cultured citizens are one of many essential parts of advancement as voluntary participation of basic public} can be a a|could be a} highly effective drive. When asked to choose two images, extra respondents picked nice and cozy lives over financial consolation. Collapse Image: Apocalyptic Discourse the collapse of a society is an important topic and a widespread concern. Some commentators delineate the collapse images in the near future end result of} "nuclear struggle, resource depletion, economic decline, ecological crises, or sociopolitical disintegration" (Tainter 1988, 3). The collapsing future images often replicate the up to date fears and points in society. In this context, two collapse images may be found in Korean society: inhabitants crisis and environmental collapse. Population Crisis: A Demographic Disaster Like other western international locations and Japan, Korea has skilled a speedy aging inhabitants with a low delivery price (see four. Media, government businesses, and academia have paid consideration to inhabitants aging trends (Asia Economy, May 31, 2011; Hong 2007; Korea National Assembly Budget Office. They have seen the inhabitants aging development as a national crisis or an impending risk. The perceived inhabitants crisis is associated with financial and economic issues. In other words, the aging inhabitants causes the rise of health care prices, the rising price of public pensions, the shrinking labor drive, and declining productiveness. An aging inhabitants can show to be a national crisis in which Korea has to struggle to survive with low growth potential and generational battle. In an excessive case, Korea will turn out to be an empty nation as end result of|the results of} an enormous exodus to other international locations. According to Eom and his faculties (2006), in their e-book, Exodus Korea: What Will Korea Look Like in 2050, predict that Korea shall be a superaged society end result of} the low delivery price. The exodus state of affairs envisions the youthful generations suffering from an overburdening tax and leaves Korea to avoid providing economic assist to seniors through the taxes. In this context, the aging inhabitants has generated the discourse of a demographic catastrophe. Most Koreans are seeking various different insurance policies, "including improved daycare, higher maternity go away, and baby one hundred seventy bonuses, nicely as|in addition to} simple exhortations to girls to have extra kids," for fixing aging inhabitants issues (Paik 2009, 75). Environmental Collapse the picture of environmental collapse is intently linked with environmental breakdown and complete disaster, including world warming, world pandemics, and excessive weather occasions. In April, 2012, Korea released the dystopian movie, "Doomsday Book", which is a science fiction anthology movie. It tells three brief stories: "the first a few robotic achieving enlightenment, the second a few zombie invasion and the third a few meteor wiping out mankind" (Screen Daily February eleven, 2012). Below is the official description of the movie: Two acclaimed Korean administrators unfurl three unique stories of human selfdestruction in the fashionable high-tech period. In a hope to restore the humane compassion in the insusceptible fashionable age, the movie displays another form of genuine humanity. A zombie virus, which is generated by genetic modification, is spreading across the nation. The movie revolves round a researcher named Yoon Seok-Woo, his companion, and the media making an attempt to determine the source of the virus. The story contains a Korean household taking place to an underground bunker to avoid the asteroid. A Brave New World displays 171 technological disasters, such as genetic mishaps, pc viruses, and nuclear accidents which are be} attributable to human greed and error. Happy Birthday displays natural disasters, such as floods, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions which are be} attributable to acts of God. Discipline Society Image: Green Futures Currently, inexperienced growth is the most popular discourse inside South Korea. The state, business group, and civil society have echoed the call for inexperienced expertise, inexperienced tradition, inexperienced life, inexperienced tasks, and inexperienced enterprises as a brand new} path for Korea. In Korea, there are three main images of inexperienced future: these of the state, the business communities, and civil society. The State Discourse the Lee Myung-bak government (2008-2013), which succeeded the Roh Moohyun government in 2008, produced a unique paradigm to modify to altering circumstances inside and out of doors Korea. The new paradigm seeks world warming options and envisions a brand new} vitality paradigm. The Green Growth will guide South Korea in the direction of changing into "one of many seven inexperienced powerhouses by 2020 and prime 5 by 2050. Furthermore, the federal government established the Presidential Committee on Green Growth to implement the Green Vision in February 2009. The government set specific targets to enhance the present technological degree of 60% of the expertise for climate change of developed international locations to 80% by 2012, to enhance 20% for the ratio of renewable vitality by 2030 from the two. The imaginative and prescient of Korean Green Growth is predicated on the philosophy of harmonizing environmental conservation and economic growth for the sake of sustainable improvement. In order to facilitate the technique of the brand new} imaginative and prescient, the Lee administration is pushing to enact a brand new} regulation, entitled the "Basic Law on Low Carbon Green Growth," which is able to|is prepared to} successfully deal with world climate change and gives complete directions to turn out to be a inexperienced nation. The idea of the inexperienced tradition campaigns may be seen clearly in the brochure produced by the Korean government. Korea will convey up Green Citizens, reflecting the idea of Green Growth in main and secondary school curriculum. According to Dryzek (1997, 13), fixing environmental issues is outlined by "taking the political-economic established order as given however in want of adjustment to cope with environmental issues, particularly through public policy. The Korean government treats the inexperienced growth imaginative and prescient as tractable within the primary framework of the economic growth. An official Korean government brochure says that "inexperienced growth will enable another miracle on the Korean Peninsula to succeed the miracle on the Han River. Another inexperienced administration story may be seen in an advertisement of Kumho Asiana Group, one of many largest conglomerates in South Korea (Figure 5. The caption reads: "Kumho Asiana, opening the door to inexperienced administration for the long run}. We consider that if the inexperienced future is to be beautiful and provides joy we should be creative. Kumho Asiana will proceed to stroll to the path of inexperienced administration for the long run}. Many firms engage in tasks overtly designed to promote the inexperienced economy spirit. This advertisement contains the visual and textual rhetoric of images of inexperienced economy`. The caption reads "A Heart-Racing Tomorrow," representing optimism for the outcomes of inexperienced economy. The inexperienced growth imaginative and prescient of the business group primarily based on fixing environmental issues the same as that of the state. The business group commits to the market mechanism to obtain the maximization of profits. The main reasons to commit to a inexperienced growth imaginative and prescient are to overcome the economic downturn and budget deficits. Furthermore, the business group desires to avoid the blame of driving world pollution. Its activities are at all times customer-oriented to give good impressions through the picture of innovation. The Civil Society Discourse Civil society actively expressed its personal images of the long run} about inexperienced growth together with the state discourse in the long run|ultimately} of the 2000s.

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Likelihood, or the probability of an impression, is a term that enables a quantita- 1 in 2 Unlikely 1 in three Very Unlikely 1 in 10 U. Environmental Protection Agency Committee Members John Balbus, National Institutes of Health Charles B. Environmental Protection Agency Jada Garofalo, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vito Ilacqua, U. Environmental Protection Agency George Luber, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Shubhayu Saha, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Paul Schramm, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Mark M. Global Change Research Program, National Coordination Office Kimberly Thigpen Tart, National Institutes of Health Juli Trtanj, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Patrick Dolwick, U. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response David R. Eisen, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vanessa Escobar, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Neal Fann, U. Environmental Protection Agency Barry Flanagan, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Janet L. Garofalo, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cristina Gonzalez-Maddux, formerly Institute for Tribal Environmental Professionals Micah Hahn, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Elaine Hallisey, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Michelle D. Hawkins, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Mary Hayden, National Center for Atmospheric Research Stephanie C. Herring, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Jeremy Hess, University of Washington Radley Horton, Columbia University Chapter Authors Carl Adrianopoli, U. Department of Agriculture John Balbus, National Institutes of Health Christopher M. Bell, Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites�North Carolina Kaitlin Benedict, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Martha Berger, U. Environmental Protection Agency Karen Bouye, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Terry Brennan, Camroden Associates, Inc. Joan Brunkard, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vince Campbell, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Karletta Chief, the University of Arizona Tracy Collier, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and University Corporation for Atmospheric Research Kathryn Conlon, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Allison Crimmins, U. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response U. Global Change Research Program Sonja Hutchins, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vito Ilacqua, U. Environmental Protection Agency John Jacobs, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Lesley Jantarasami, U. Khan, University of Nebraska Medical Center Patrick Kinney, Columbia University Laura Kolb, U. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Samar Khoury, Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health Max Kiefer, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Jessica Kolling, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Kenneth E. Kunkel, Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellite� North Carolina, Annette La Greca, University of Miami Erin Lipp, the University of Georgia Irakli Loladze, Bryan College of Health Sciences Jeffrey Luvall, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Kathy Lynn, University of Oregon Arie Manangan, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Marian McDonald, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention xii Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health within the United States Sandra McLellan, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee David M. Monaghan, National Center for Atmospheric Research Stephanie Moore, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and University Corporation for Atmospheric Research Rachel Morello-Frosch, University of California, Berkeley Joshua Morganstein, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Christopher G. Ogden, Public Health Agency of Canada Hans Paerl, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Adalberto A. Department of Agriculture Carlos Perez Garcia-Pando, Columbia University Dale Quattrochi, National Aeronautics and Space Administration John Ravenscroft, U. Geological Survey Joseph Reser, Griffith University Jennifer Runkle, Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites� North Carolina Josef Ruzek, U. Department of Veterans Affairs Shubhayu Saha, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Marcus C. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response Mario Sengco, U. Environmental Protection Agency Joel Schwartz, Harvard University Perry Sheffield, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York Alexis St. Juliana, Abt Associates Kimberly Thigpen Tart, National Institutes of Health Jeanette Thurston, U. Department of Agriculture Juli Trtanj, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Robert Ursano, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Isabel Walls, U. Department of Agriculture Joanna Watson, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Kyle Powys Whyte, Michigan State University Amy F. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service Jennifer Runkle, Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites� North Carolina Marcus C. Department of Commerce Vice Chairs Michael Freilich, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Gerald Geernaert, U. Department of Commerce Roger Wakimoto, National Science Foundation Jeffrey Arnold, U. Department of the Interior Pierre Comizzoli, Smithsonian Institution Wayne Higgins, U. Department of Agriculture Jack Kaye, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Dorothy Koch, U. Environmental Protection Agency Craig Robinson, National Science Foundation Arthur Rypinski, U. Lough, Chief of Staff, National Climate Assessment Bradley Akamine, Chief Digital Officer Mark M. Department of State National Aeronautics and Space Administration Sue Estes, Universities Space Research Association John Haynes, Science Mission Directorate Joshua Glasser, Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs U. Department of Agriculture Isabel Walls, National Institute of Food and Agriculture U. Department of Commerce Michelle Hawkins, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Hunter Jones, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Juli Trtanj, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration U. Department of Defense Jean-Paul Chretien, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center James Persson, U. Department of Health and Human Services John Balbus, National Institutes of Health Charles B. Beard, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Ross Bowling, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Administration Kathleen Danskin, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response Stacey Degrasse, Food and Drug Administration Renee Dickman, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation Caroline Dilworth, National Institutes of Health Jada F. Garafalo, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Christine Jessup, National Institutes of Health Maya Levine, Office of Global Affairs George Luber, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Joshua Rosenthal, National Institutes of Health Shubhayu Saha, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Bono Sen, National Institutes of Health Paul J. Gamble, Office of Research and Development Vito Ilacqua, Office of Research and Development Michael Kolian, Office of Air and Radiation Marian Rutigliano, Office of Research and Development White House National Security Council David V. Global Change Research Program xv Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health within the United States References: 1. The report responds to the 1990 Congressional mandate to assist the Nation in understanding, assessing, predicting, and responding to human-induced and natural processes of world change. Bell Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites�North Carolina Daniel Dodgen U. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response Rebecca J. Mills Abt Associates Shubhayu Saha Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Marcus C. Environmental Protection Agency Juli Trtanj National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Lewis Ziska U. Rising greenhouse gas concentrations end in will increase in temperature, modifications in precipitation, will increase within the frequency and depth of some extreme climate events, and rising sea levels. These climate change impacts endanger our well being by affecting our meals and water sources, the air we breathe, the climate we experience, and our interactions with the built and natural environments. Current and future climate impacts expose extra folks in additional places to public well being threats. Some of those well being threats will happen over longer time durations, or at unprecedented times of the 12 months; some folks might be exposed to threats not previously skilled of their locations. Overall, situations of probably beneficial well being impacts of climate change are limited in number and pertain to particular regions or populations. For instance, the discount in cold-related deaths is projected to be smaller than the increase in heat-related deaths in most regions.

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Calcium � � Iron Ferritin, iron, total iron binding capacity � � 290 Obesity Algorithm. Reference/s: [264] Micronutrient Deficiency Replacement after Bariatric Surgery: Vitamins/Minerals Vitamin/Mineral Assessment Replacement of Deficiency � � A typical dose for gentle deficiency of vit. D3 (cholecalciferol) is present in foods of animal origin and is similar to the vit. D3 generated when 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin is transformed by ultraviolet radiation from daylight. Both D2 and D3 are reported as 25-hydroxyvitamin D, which is then transformed by the kidneys into the extra active 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol). Continued therapy is dependent upon by} persistent malabsorptive effects, as could most be a priority with biliopancreatic diversion/duodenal swap. A typical substitute dose for zinc deficiency is 60 mg of elemental zinc twice every day. Zinc consumption could impair copper absorption, thus 1 mg of copper must be given per each 10 mg of zinc administered. Once zinc is in regular vary, if malabsorption stays a risk, a typical supplemental dose is zinc 30 mg/d. Reference/s: [264] Microbiome: Gut Flora Basics Microbiome = Collection of micro-organisms Microbiota = Organisms themselves 292 Obesity Algorithm. Reference/s: [32] Microbiome: Gut Flora Bacteria � � � Over 1,000 bacterial species, with over 90% anaerobic Substrates: Sloughed intestinal cells, plant polysaccharides, starch cellulose, and bile parts Functions embrace: � Metabolizing important nutrients � Synthesizing vitamin K � Fermentation of sugars to acids, gasses, or alcohol � Digesting cellulose � Promoting angiogenesis � Enhancing enteric nerve operate 294 Obesity Algorithm. Reference/s: [32] Microbiome: Gut Flora Bacteria � � � Stomach and proximal small gut = restricted quantities of micro organism. Reference/s: [32] Microbiome: Gut Microbiota Promotion of Increased Body Fat Increased Nutrient Absorption � � � Enhanced monosaccharide intestinal uptake by way of enriched carbohydrate enzymes in the gut. Reference/s: [32] Microbiome: Gut Microbiota Promotion of Increased Body Fat Increased Inflammation � Pro-inflammatory signaling, corresponding to that generated in response to lipopolysaccharide element of bacterial outer membranes, could result on} neurobehavioral brain centers, and adversely result on} adipocyte operate leading to adiposopathy and elevated risk for metabolic illness 298 Obesity Algorithm. Reference/s: [32] Microbiome: Gut Microbiota Promotion of Increased Body Fat Alterations in Gut Hormones � � Suppressed secretion of fasting-induced adipose factor (angiopoietin-like protein), which may reduce adipose tissue fatty-acid oxidation, reduce uncoupling of the process of mitochondrial adipose tissue adenosine triphosphate technology, and reduce thermogenesis Decreased glucagon-like peptide 1, which may impair elevated satiety after meals 300 Obesity Algorithm. Reference/s: [32] Microbiome: "Favorable" Weight and Metabolic Effects of Bariatric Surgery Bariatric Surgery May: � � � � � � Reduce availability of nutrients delivered to the gut Reduce lipogenic signaling (gut and systemic) Reduce inflammation (gut and systemic) Alter bile-acid metabolism and enhance bile-acid pool favoring metabolic processes involving glucose and lipids Alter gut hormones favoring metabolic processes involving glucose and lipids Decrease the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio, doubtlessly lowering the effectivity of extracting calories from gut carbohydrates 301 Obesity Algorithm. Can be measured by tape measure around the stomach on the level of the anterior superior iliac crests, parallel to the floor. They carry out a medical analysis (history, bodily, laboratory, physique composition) and supply medical supervision for way of life change (nutrition, activity, conduct change), medications, or very low-calorie diets. Ravussin E,Ryan D: Response to "The want for people-first language in our Obesity journal". Resources for Optimal Care of the Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Patient 2016. Bays H,Scinta W: Adiposopathy and epigenetics: an introduction to weight problems as a transgenerational illness. De Lorenzo A, Soldati L, Sarlo F, Calvani M, Di Lorenzo N,Di Renzo L: New weight problems classification criteria as a tool for bariatric surgery indication. American Council on Exercise: What are the rules for proportion of physique fat loss Bays H: Central weight problems as a scientific marker of adiposopathy; elevated visceral adiposity as a surrogate marker for international fat dysfunction. Wang Z, Ma J,Si D: Optimal cut-off values and inhabitants technique of waist circumference in numerous populations. Gileles-Hillel A, Kheirandish-Gozal L,Gozal D: Biological plausibility linking sleep apnoea and metabolic dysfunction. Bluher M: Adipose tissue dysfunction contributes to weight problems related metabolic ailments. Booth A, Magnuson A, Fouts J,Foster M: Adipose tissue, weight problems and adipokines: position in most cancers promotion. Obstet Gynecol 2013 121:213-21749] Pasquali R, Patton L,Gambineri A: Obesity and infertility. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2007 14:482-48750] Yu Z, Han S, Zhu J, Sun X, Ji C,Guo X: Pre-pregnancy physique mass index in relation to toddler delivery weight and offspring overweight/obesity: a scientific evaluate and metaanalysis. Yu Z, Han S, Zhu J, Sun X, Ji C, Guo X: Pre-pregnancy physique mass index in relation to toddler delivery weight and offspring overweight/obesity: a scientific evaluate and meta-analysis. Capuron L, Lasselin J, Castanon N: Role of Adiposity-Driven Inflammation in Depressive Morbidity. Rusin M, Arsand E, Hartvigsen G: Functionalities and input strategies for recording meals intake: a scientific evaluate. Corona G, Rastrelli G, Monami M, Saad F, Luconi M, Lucchese M, Facchiano E, Sforza A, Forti G, Mannucci E, Maggi M: Body weight loss reverts obesity-associated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a scientific evaluate and meta-analysis. Ruggiero C, Ferrucci L: the endeavor of high upkeep homeostasis: resting metabolic rate and the legacy of longevity. Hamasaki H, Yanai H, Mishima S, Mineyama T, Yamamoto-Honda R, Kakei M, Ezaki O, Noda M: Correlations of non-exercise activity thermogenesis to metabolic parameters in Japanese patients with kind 2 diabetes. Jequier E, Acheson K, Schutz Y: Assessment of vitality expenditure and fuel utilization in man. Bays H: From victim to ally: the kidney as an rising goal for the therapy of diabetes mellitus. Astrup A, Caterson I, Zelissen P, Guy-Grand B, Carruba M, Levy B, Sun X, Fitchet M: Topiramate: long-term upkeep of weight loss induced by a low-calorie diet in overweight subjects. Christinat A, Di Lascio S, Pagani O: Hormonal therapies in young breast most cancers patients: when, what and for a way lengthy Lutas A, Yellen G: the ketogenic diet: metabolic influences on brain excitability and epilepsy. Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G: Long-term effects of low-fat diets both low or high in protein on cardiovascular and metabolic risk elements: a scientific evaluate and meta-analysis. Mulholland Y, Nicokavoura E, Broom J, Rolland C: Very-low-energy diets and morbidity: a scientific evaluate of longer-term evidence. Johansson K, Sundstrom J, Marcus C, Hemmingsson E, Neovius M: Risk of symptomatic gallstones and cholecystectomy after a verylow-calorie diet or low-calorie diet in a industrial weight loss program: 1-year matched cohort examine. Ferro-Luzzi A, Sette S: the Mediterranean Diet: an try and define its present and past composition. Benefits of a Mediterranean-style, National Cholesterol Education Program/American Heart Association Step I Dietary Pattern on Cardiovascular Disease. Department Of Health And Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Scrutinio D: the potential of way of life adjustments for improving the scientific end result of patients with coronary heart illness: mechanisms of profit and scientific outcomes. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Mercer K, Li M, Giangregorio L, Burns C, Grindrod K: Behavior Change Techniques Present in Wearable Activity Trackers: A Critical Analysis. Predictors of weight-related communication during primary care visits with overweight adolescents. Resnicow K, McMaster F: Motivational Interviewing: transferring from why to how with autonomy help. Foote J, DeLuca A, Magura S, Warner A, Grand A, Rosenblum A, Stahl S: A group motivational therapy for chemical dependency. Schneeberger M, Gomis R, Claret M: Hypothalamic and brainstem neuronal circuits controlling homeostatic vitality stability. Brauhardt A, de Zwaan M, Hilbert A: the therapeutic process in psychological therapies for eating disorders: a scientific evaluate. Sainsbury A, Zhang L: Role of the hypothalamus in the neuroendocrine regulation of physique weight and composition during vitality deficit. Fujioka K: Current and rising medications for overweight or weight problems in individuals with comorbidities. Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program. Abbatini F, Capoccia D, Casella G, Soricelli E, Leonetti F, Basso N: Long-term remission of kind 2 diabetes in morbidly overweight patients after sleeve gastrectomy. 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Trends in incidence and mortality in rheumatoid arthritis in Rochester, Minnesota, over a forty-year interval. Treatment of very early rheumatoid arthritis with symptomatic remedy, disease-modifying antirheumatic medicine, or biologic brokers: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Antioxidants and antiinflammatory dietary supplements for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with marine and botanical oils: an 18-month, randomized, and double-blind trial. Efficacy of sustained blood levels of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in animal fashions of arthritis: comparability of efficacy in animal fashions with human scientific data. Efficacy of an equine joint complement, and the synergistic impact of its energetic components (chelated hint minerals and pure eggshell membrane), as demonstrated in equine, swine, and an osteoarthritis rat model. Reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in rats following 7-day oral supplementation with a proprietary eggshell membrane-derived product. Biomarkers predict radiographic development in early rheumatoid arthritis and carry out well in contrast with conventional markers. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein: a novel marker of cartilage turnover detectable in synovial fluid and blood. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein degree in rheumatic illnesses: potential use as a marker for measuring articular cartilage damage and/or the therapeutic efficacy of remedies. A predicting factor and a useful parameter for illness administration in rheumatoid arthritis. Treating rheumatological illnesses and co-morbidities with interleukin-1 blocking therapies. Therapeutic efficacy of vitamin E d-tocotrienol in collagen-induced rat model of arthritis. Insulin resistanceimproving agent containing eggshell membrane element, and composition utilizing the same. Risk and administration of liver toxicity throughout methotrexate therapy in rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis: a systematic review of the literature. Immunosuppressive properties of methotrexate: apoptosis and clonal deletion of activated peripheral T cells. Survival and drug discontinuation analyses in a big cohort of methotrexate treated rheumatoid arthritis sufferers. Efficacy of the scientific use of iguratimod remedy in sufferers with rheumatoid arthritis. Efficacy at fifty two weeks of day by day scientific use of iguratimod in sufferers with rheumatoid arthritis. Ruff et al Dovepress Introduction Suboptimal joint operate (stiffness, inflexibility, and lameness) is extremely prevalent in dogs, often arising from both congenital abnormalities or traumatic damage. Hip dysplasia is the most common orthopedic situation, leading to suboptimal joint operate. Estimates of its price of incidence are fairly variable all through the world, with bigger research centering around 20% across all breeds and having a spread of anywhere from a few of} percent to 50% depending upon breed. This cartilage metabolism imbalance coupled with biomechanical stress in the joint resulting from laxity, misalignment, or other malformations results in chronic irritation and ultimately irreversible joint destruction. Products of this cartilage degradation process may be present in both blood and urine of arthritic subjects. Glucosamine (GluN), chondroitin, and omega-3 fatty acids (eg, fish oil, green-lipped mussel, etc) alone and in combination are extensively marketed as canine dietary supplements to deal with joint pain. Over the previous decade, numerous ordinal-scale clinician assessment tools have been developed, which give an excellent foundation for the inclusion of veterinarian analysis of examine dogs. Treatment compliance was checked at the final clinic visit by proprietor interview and by counting the number of unused doses of the examine medications. Subjects All privately owned dogs, 18 months of age or older, weighing 10�100 kilos whose house owners were seeking reduction of gentle to average suboptimal joint operate were thought-about for enrollment in the examine. In order to be eligible, subject dogs should have have} had mild-to-moderate persistent suboptimal joint operate (eg, issue in getting up from a laying place, a noticeable limp, impaired gait, issue in climbing stairs) lasting for minimal of|no much less than} three months with a imply baseline operate score between 2. Subjects were excluded occasion that they} were at present receiving remissioninducing medicine similar to methotrexate or immunosuppressive medications or had acquired them within the previous three months. Other exclusionary standards were a known allergy to eggs or egg products, a major damage to the affected joint inside the previous three months, or pregnant or nursing female dogs. Subjects collaborating in any other analysis examine involving an investigational product (drug, gadget, or biologic) or a brand new} application of an accredited product, within 30 days of screening, were also excluded from collaborating in the trial. Dog house owners, scientific investigators, subinvestigators, scientific web site personnel, and the scientific coordinator (performed central randomization) were all blinded to therapy. This dose was based mostly upon an allometric conversion33 from the human dose of 500 mg/d that has been shown to be effective in previous scientific trials. Clinic visits were scheduled for subject dogs at examine initiation and at 6 weeks following the onset of therapy. The therapy response end factors were at 1 week (by in-home proprietor survey) and at the week 6 clinic Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports 2016:7 submit your manuscript Blood samples were collected in serum tubes at baseline and at the week 6 clinic visit. In transient, the blood samples were allowed to clot at room temperature for 15�30 minutes, adopted by centrifugation at 1,000�2,000� g for 10 minutes. Following transfer of the supernatant serum to a brand new} tube, samples were saved frozen (-20�C) till analysis. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at the week 6 clinic visit to consider therapy security through scientific chemistry (total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin ratio, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio, glucose, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase) and hematology (platelet rely, hemoglobin, hematocrit, imply corpuscular volume, imply corpuscular hemoglobin, imply corpuscular hemoglobin rely, pink blood cell rely, and white blood cell rely with differential [lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils]). However, the hypothesis for this examine is that the therapy group shall be superior to that of the placebo group in bettering suboptimal joint operate. A 15% absolute change in the imply main therapy response (joint operate score will lower by a median of minimal of|no much less than} 15% in the therapy group versus the placebo group) was used for pattern measurement determination. Based upon this, it was estimated that a pattern measurement of 40 dogs (20 therapy and 20 placebo) would want to be enrolled to provide the examine with a statistical energy of 80% to detect a therapy impact distinction between the therapy group and the placebo group, assuming a price of response of 20% in the therapy group, a price of response of 5% in the placebo group, and a withdrawal price of 5%. Since the enrollment for the examine was fifty one dogs, this should be enough to provide enough security and comparative effectiveness data. Descriptive statistics were calculated, together with imply age and weight, and comparisons of those demographic data from the eight scientific sites were made with a Kruskal�Wallis test for quantity of} independent samples at baseline to validate randomization. Within-group comparisons, utilizing the Kruskal�Wallis test for quantity of} independent samples, were also made within scientific sites to rule out any web site bias. Post-baseline statistical analyses were performed as repeated measures analysis of variance. The items found to have statistical significance with repeated measures analysis of variance were then in contrast utilizing a Wilcoxon test for dependent samples. Analysis of the first end level and all secondary end factors was carried out on the intent-to-treat population (ie, together with all randomized subjects with minimal of|no much less than} one efficacy assessment after randomization). The therapy joints consisted of stifle/knee (24), hip (21), shoulder (3), and elbow (10). Of the 24 subjects by which the stifle/knee was the affected joint, six (25%) had bilateral incidence. Of the 21 subjects by which the hip was the affected joint, eleven (52%) had bilateral incidence. Complete subject demographics, subdivided by therapy group, are reported in Table three. [newline]From each group, two dogs were withdrawn end result of} lack of efficacy, and one canine was withdrawn from the placebo group end result of} not assembly the inclusion standards. Subject demographic data were initially evaluated to ensure randomization within each web site (not shown). Additionally, subject data were evaluated between sites to exclude web site bias (not shown). As there were no abnormalities inside the remaining sites, the information (45) were pooled for all subsequent analyses. Statistical analysis of the Table three Subject demographics Treatment Age, years Sex Male (%) Female (%) Weight, kg (lbs) Breeds Pure (%) Mixed (%) Affected joint Stifle/knee (l, r, bilateral) Hip (l, r, bilateral) Shoulder (l, r, bilateral) Elbow (l, r, bilateral) 9. A total of fifty one dogs between the ages of three years and 14 years with suboptimal joint operate were enrolled in the examine and underwent randomization. Of these subjects, 12% (6/51) were from web site 1, 20% (10/51) were from web site 2, 12% (6/51) were from web site three, 25% (13/51) were from web site four, 10% (5/51) 17 (65) 13 (52) 9 (35) 12 (48) 23�11 (51�25) 25�11 (55�25) 15 (58) 11 (42) 7 (1, four, 2) 13 (4, three, 6) 2 (2, zero, 0) 6 (3, 2, 1) 13 (52) 12 (48) 17 (6, 7, 4) eight (2, 1, 5) 1 (0, 1, 0) four (2, 1, 1) Abbreviations: l, left, r right. Note: Except the place indicated in any other case, values are reported as imply � normal deviation (n=51). Absolute therapy impact is the online distinction of therapy versus placebo for the change in imply therapy impact from baseline expressed in proportion.

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The first-line treatment may have to be modified if drug resistance studies show that the national policy is ineffective. Combinations of artemisinin derivatives (such as artesunate, artemether, dihydroartemisinin) and various different antimalarials are increasingly being used as first-line treatment policy. The lack of knowledge for utilization of} the 6-dose regimen of Coartem, underneath 10 kg body weight at present limits its use in babies who should be handled with quinine. The details of the management of severe falciparum malaria are discussed elsewhere. Owing to compliance and operational constraints, wide-scale use of 14-day primaquine anti-relapse treatment is normally not feasible in emergency situations. Chemoprophylaxis and intermittent preventive treatment Malaria chemoprophylaxis is essential for non-immune expatriate staff working in camps and communities in P falciparum-endemic areas. The alternative of drugs is between chloroquine + proguanil, mefloquine, doxycycline and atovaquoneproguanil. The recommended prophylaxis regimen varies by area; details are available in International journey and health at. Such intermittent preventive treatment should be began from the second trimester onwards. In areas of unstable malaria transmission, girls of reproductive age have relatively little acquired immunity to malaria, and hence all pregnant girls are at comparable threat for malaria an infection. Its consequences in these settings are maternal illness, severe malaria with central nervous system complications, anaemia, and opposed reproductive outcomes, together with stillbirths, abortions, and low birth weight. Abortion is frequent in the first trimester, and prematurity is frequent in third trimester. Other consequences throughout pregnancy commonly related to P falciparum an infection include hypoglycaemia, hyperpyrexia. The results throughout pregnancy of the other three parasites that trigger malaria in people (P vivax, P malariae, and P ovale) are much less clear. Prevention and management measures the principle methods of preventing malaria and reducing transmission in emergency situations are (specific indications are detailed in vector management methods in Section 2. Malaria outbreak In a suspected P falciparum malaria outbreak, there could also be} a have to deviate. Intramuscular artemether is the drug of alternative as it has comparable efficacy to quinine however has lower requirements for monitoring. Deciding on the intervention to undertake will rely upon out there sources, the capability of the health system and different health priorities. Three methods for case management are feasible depending on the state of affairs: � mass treatment of fever instances in absence of rapid diagnostic checks, � active case detection via mobile outreach services, � passive case detection. Even if microscopy is available there is probably not|will not be} time to affirm the analysis of every suspected case. Microscopy is, however, very helpful for monitoring epidemic trends via the monitoring of slide positivity charges. Health services ought to reach as deeply into the group as potential and make full use of group health workers if out there. Ideally, therapies should be efficacious, brief and simple to avoid the need for follow-up or the probabilities of severe 5. Outreach clinics ought to include a health training component and ideally should be geared up to handle severe instances. Clinic-based passive case detection is extra suited to persistent situations as soon as} mortality is underneath management. Laboratory services with high quality management are essential not only for case management but additionally for surveillance of illness trends. Such information could also be} used to justify implementing vector management or personal protection programmes, and to assess the impression of management interventions. When refugees or displaced persons are settled in quite a few camps or communities, consolidated microscopy and population information could also be} used as an indicator of which camps should be given priority for concentrating on interventions. The monitoring and high quality management of field laboratories by a central reference laboratory is essential in ensuring an accurate analysis. Best apply and classes learnt: implementing malaria management in complicated emergencies in Africa 2000�2004. Natural history � the incubation period is normally 10�12 days from publicity to onset of fever. Post-measles pneumonia, diarrhoea and croup are the most typical life-threatening complications (see Table 5. Case management of uncomplicated measles: health centre Most youngsters may have uncomplicated measles and require supportive care as outpatients. All youngsters with measles in these settings ought to have their dietary status monitored and be enrolled in a selective feeding programme if necessary. Sunlight can be painful for the eyes and a cool environment can maintain the temperature down. The food regimen have to be delicate with a excessive calorie density, in order that small parts go a good distance. Protein, unless in the type of egg, is unlikely to be eaten (remember the child has a sore mouth and poor appetite). A broad-spectrum antimicrobial such as ampicillin or co-trimoxazole should be used. Sticky eyes and pus in the eyes are because of of} secondary bacterial an infection: clean the attention at least of|no much less than} 3 times a day with cooled boiled water, using cotton wool or a clean material. While this part details the analysis and case management of measles, vaccination stays the most important technique for measles management. Measles vaccination campaigns are one of many highest priorities in emergency situations. When used in rapid mass campaigns, vaccination can include an outbreak inside 2�3 weeks. The vaccine efficacy price is 90% one week after injection for these over 2 years of age. In patients underneath 1 yr of age, meningitis is suspected when fever is accompanied by a bulging fontanelle. Diagnosis Lumbar puncture is critical to decide whether or not acute meningitis is bacterial, and to establish the meningococcus (and exclude different causative pathogens, such as pneumococcus and H. Lumbar puncture should be carried out as soon as meningitis is suspected earlier than starting antimicrobial treatment. In bacterial meningitis, the cerebrospinal fluid is normally cloudy or purulent (but could also be} clear or bloody). Several new rapid diagnostic checks are available helpful in confirming meningococcal meningitis together with serotypes A, C, Y, and W135 of Neisseria meningitidis. Gram stain: Gram-negative diplococci (intra- or extracellular) in 80% of instances not previously handled. Thick and thin smears should be made to differentiate meningococcal meningitis from cerebral malaria in malaria-endemic areas. Case management � Bacterial meningitis, significantly meningococcal meningitis, is doubtlessly fatal and is a medical emergency. The unconscious or semiconscious patient should be nursed on his/her aspect; turning every 2�3 hours can forestall stress sores. Laboratory methods for the analysis of meningitis brought on by Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. Typical Borrelia spirochaetes can be seen immediately via blood-smear microscopy. Very usually the kids of the family will simply be able to|be capable of|have the flexibility to} establish lice in the clothes if current. Case management � Effective treatment is available, comprising a single dose of a typical antimicrobial. Prevention and management measures � Detect and deal with all these suspected of having relapsing fever and their shut contacts. Clinical options � In individuals with out previous publicity, the incubation period is 2�6 weeks earlier than the onset of itching. Case management � Treatment of the whole group is critical, as some members perhaps asymptomatic. The formulation have to be applied to all elements of the body beneath the neck, not solely to the locations the place itching is felt. Treated persons can dress after the appliance has been allowed to dry for about quarter-hour.

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She was assessed to be a medical case of tuberculosis primarily based on proof of publicity, a consistent medical syndrome, and response to antituberculous therapy. The the rest of the youngsters had been diagnosed either by routine screening (14%) or end result of|as a result of} they had been symptomatic (46%). Assessment of postarrival tuberculosis examinations among immigrants and refugees screened abroad. Conflicts of Interest None of the authors have any conflicts of interest or monetary disclosures to report. Chow Medicine-Pediatrics resident rhode Island Hospital 245 Chapman Street, Suite 100 Providence, rI 02905 401-444-4393 Fax 401-444-8804 echow@lifespan. ArT use was outlined as documentation of prescribed ArT in minimal of|no much less than} one clinic visit in any given yr. Patients who attended minimal of|no much less than} 1 clinic visit with a medical supplier inside each 6-month period in a given yr separated by 60 days had been thought of retained in care. Ordinary Least Square linear regression fashions had been used to assess time tendencies treating years as an unbiased variable. A regression coefficient estimated the modifications over time; each collection was analyzed independently. Over the time period, the clinic population was predominantly Caucasian, non-Hispanic males, between 25-64 years of age. The proportion of sufferers receiving ArT elevated from 67% to 86% by the top of the study (p < zero. This discovering correlates with a 22% increase within the proportion of sufferers with undetectable viral masses (p < zero. The clinic population retention in-care price remained stable, ranging from 61% to 68%, with similar tendencies noticed across danger groups (Table 1). Includes sufferers that attended to minimal of|no much less than} 2 medical visits with a medical supplier separated by 60 days in a yr. Similar results have been reported in other giant urban clinic settings nationwide. It is methodologically possible, reproducible, and is much less affected by incomplete information. As an ecological measure, population stage observations can be mistakenly interpreted to replicate outcomes of individuals in that population. Guidance on Community Viral Load: A Family of Measures, Definitions, and Method for Calculation. Meeting Data Presented 49th Annual Meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Both are transmitted through oral, vaginal, and anal sex with symptoms ranging from none to urethritis characterized by dysuria and penile/vaginal discharge. Serious issues include infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease, and ectopic being pregnant. Additionally, the majority of of} new chlamydia cases happen in younger people, aged 15-24 years old, highlighting the importance of early education and intervention during these years. Similar to chlamydia, charges of gonorrhea have elevated in rI over the last few|the previous few|the previous couple of} years. In 2010 and 2012, 291 and 507 cases of gonorrhea had been reported, respectively, representing a 57% increase. The majority of gonorrhea cases had been in males (54%) and younger age groups 15-29 years old. Oral Cefixime or other single combination regimens are not really helpful increasing resistance. Syphilis is caused by the spirochete Treponema Pallidum and might result in a diverse spectrum of symptoms together with progressive neurological and heart problems. Treponema Pallidum remains highly delicate to penicillin, the treatment of choice. The Clinic immediately turned an necessary site for these in rI with undiagnosed and untreated syphilis. During the first yr, the general syphilis positivity price was approximately 15%. As of January 1, 2013, the Clinic has expanded hours and is at present open Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday from 12:30�3:30 p. Syphilis infection is classically divided into disease phases, together with primary and secondary phases, thought of "infectious," and the latent and tertiary phases. These geographic and racial disparities recommend that larger efforts are wanted to tackle heavily impacted communities in culturally competent ways. Amy Nunn, additionally supports the Clinic and neighborhood well being normally with efforts to get rid of well being disparities within the state. The Ioxedes tick which serves as vector for the three most typical tick infections is endemic in both the New England and mid-Atlantic regions. However, differences within the density of infections exist inside rhode Island (rI), with the best densities within the southern counties. Tick-borne ailments can have various presentations, as well as|in addition to} diversified response to acceptable treatment leading to many questions and confusion for sufferers, clinicians, and common public} itself. The reasons for this increase are multifactorial, together with modifications within the deer and mice population and the movements of people into areas heavily populated by both host animals and the tick vectors. Given the same vector for these infections, sufferers can be co-infected with multiple of those infections. Priorities for research on tick-borne disease presentations with arthritis, neurologic and other symptoms. Of the three, Lyme � Evaluation of present treatment regimens for the totally different tick-borne ailments disease is probably the most troublesome to diagnose and deal with appropriately given the totally different � Characterization, analysis, and treatment of late Lyme disease phases of presentation. Localized presentation with the characteristic erythema migrans rash is the traditional presentation. This is diagnosed clinically with supportive epidemiologic historical past as Lyme serology can be negative in this acute stage of infection. Early disseminated infection presents with objective findings of either arthritis, neurologic. Late Lyme disease most usually presents with arthritis, or much less frequent neurologic findings with encephalitis or neuropathy. The medical definition for post-Lyme disease syndrome is a transparent objective historical past. Careful analysis of the historical past of the sickness, tick publicity, and consideration of concurrent disease is required. For instance, in 2013 the first reported cases of Borrelia miyamotoi within the United States occurred in New England, together with one case in rI, with presentation of relapsing fever and meningitis. Incidence (per 100,000) Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New hampshire Rhode Island Bristol County Kent County Newport County Providence County Washington County forty six. This ongoing effort to extra precisely determine the burden of disease factors to its importance among public well being concerns. Only 22 states conduct surveillance on babesia with the majority within the upper Midwest and the Northeast. Of the anaplasma cases, 90% occurred in six states: New York, Connecticut, New Jersey, rhode Island, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Given that babesia solely lately turned a notifiable disease in 2011, the entire variety of cases underreported within the New England region as well as|in addition to} other parts of the nation. As such, rhode Island has the potential for higher disease burden given its geographical location within the New England region. The demographics of these infected present two age peaks among the population: ages 5 � 9 and ages 50+. There is a seasonality effect of overwhelming majority occurring in June and July, correlating with the summer season months and elevated activity of both tick vectors . The raw whole variety of cases exhibits Providence County to be most affected with 86 cases in 2012, adopted by seventy five cases in Washington, and 28 and 21 cases in Kent and Newport counties. However the incidence charges present a significantly higher density of Lyme disease in Washington County: 59. In 2013, cases from New England made up 39% of the reported cases while the Mid-Atlantic comprised 34%. Contrary to this, reported cases of babesia have declined in this identical time period. The problem in analysis particularly in late-presentation cases, the various response to acceptable treatment, as well as|in addition to} the ongoing symptoms in select sufferers despite treatment are just some of the questions confronted by clinicians and sufferers.

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These outcomes present that clinically essential medication partition into particular protein condensates in vitro by advantage of outlined chemical properties, thereby altering their local focus. Alkylating brokers are a category of commonly used antineoplastic compounds, of which cisplatin is a distinguished instance. Live cell imaging demonstrated that transcriptional condensates are dissolved by cisplatin, whereas other condensates stay intact. The mechanisms that produce drug resistance can provide clues to drug activity in the medical setting. This suggest that altering the size and nature of transcription condensates in breast cancer can mediate drug resistance in the medical setting. Our outcomes present that antineoplastic medication partition selectively into condensates, that this can occur via physicochemical properties independent of their molecular targets, and that resistance to medication could occur via condensate altering mechanisms. These outcomes have implications for development of efficacious cancer therapeutics; effective goal engagement will depend upon elements such as drug partitioning in condensates. Assays of the kind described here could thus help optimize condensate partitioning, goal engagement, and the therapeutic index of medicine for cancer remedy. A Cox mannequin estimated hazard ratios comparing standing based on remedy project, with prespecified prognostic elements. Metabolizer standing from genotype was 57% intensive, 29% intermediate, 15% slow/poor. This survey-based study aimed to assess patient perceptions of the utility of telehealth of their oncologic care during a time of nationwide crisis. Methods: A 34-question survey was administered to all patients receiving care at our outpatient heart between March 1, 2020 and June 30, 2020 together with those who had visits delayed or cancelled during this time interval. Of the 622 patients who acquired the survey via RedCap online or physical copy in clinic, 211 (34%) completed the survey. Of the entire survey respondents, 72 (35%) participated in a telehealth visit during the 4 month analysis interval. Of patients who participated in telehealth visits, sixty six (92%) felt that the telehealth saved them time, 52 (72%) felt it elevated their access to care and 56 (81%) felt it helped improve their well being. Only eight (12%) of patients felt that telehealth made them really feel uncomfortable and four (6%) worried about confidentiality related to telehealth usage. Overall, sixty five (92%) of patients had been happy with the telehealth companies they acquired and 64 (89%) would recommend these companies to individuals with similar well being circumstances. Twenty-five (35%) felt that telehealth often a|could be a} substitute for their normal well being care and 67 (93%) reported it might be be} a good addition to their care. Fifty-four (76%) can be interested in taking part in telehealth visits sooner or later. A giant majority of patients expressed interest in persevering with to take part in telehealth visits sooner or later. Telehealth companies should be fastidiously tailored as a long run addition to the in person medical care of patients with cancer. These companies should be utilized to optimize patient satisfaction, save time and enhance access to care, especially among high threat patients. Targeted Axillary Dissection appears to be most correct to consider axillary treatment-response, but evidence to help that is restricted. Preliminary analysis exhibits a false negative fee of approximately 5% and a negative predictive value of approximately 91%. Conclusions: could be a|it is a} comprehensive analysis of germline mutation spectrum in a big Chinese patient cohort with breast cancer. Collectively, a considerable proportion of patients with breast cancer had hereditary threat elements. Distinct distribution of pathogenic mutations in breast cancer subtypes and differential associations between mutation standing and medical features had been additional noticed. All these findings will advance our understanding regarding the pathologies and heterogeneity of breast cancer. Ruddy2, Lidia Schapira3, Steven Come4, Virginia Borges5, Tamara Cadet6, Peter Maramaldi6 and Ann H. In general, youthful caregivers have been found to havegreater unmet wants and better ranges of distress comparability with} those who are older. Trial Design: Cross-sectional survey of companions of younger women with breast cancer. Specific Aims: To discover the experience of companions of girls in lively remedy or havingvery recently completed remedy for breast cancer. Statistical Methods: We employed descriptive statistics to current pattern characteristics,together with means or medians for steady variables and proportions for categorical variables. Results: All companions had been male (25/25; 100%), and most had been white (n=23/25; 92%), workingfull-time (n=21/25; 91%); and faculty educated (n=19/25; 86%). Eighteen companions (n=18/25;72%) had been parenting children <18 years old and 40% (n=10/25) had been partnered with womenwith Stage four breast cancer. At the time of the survey, the median age of companions was forty four years(range, 28-69) and of patients was 38 years (range, 25-40). Additionally, 39%reported not being sexually lively; 41% reported maladaptive coping; 30% reported financialstrain;30% reported relationship pressure. Parenting considerations scores had been typically low indicating less concern, with arange of 12-35, and mean of 20. Common responses included feeling an absence of help, want for tailored and titrated data,and desire to connect with other males who confronted similar experiences. Discussion: A subset of companions of younger women in lively remedy for breast cancerexpressed considerations related to relationship pressure, sexuality, want for help, and funds. Future work designed to meet the wants of companions of breast cancer patients includinginformational and psychosocial supports could profit them and the patients as they handle theprocess of ongoing remedy and challenges concerning the future. Komen for the Cure Research Program, the Hope Foundation for Cancer Research, Breast Cancer Research Foundation, and Genomic Health, Inc. The protocol specified that interplay between remedy and the stratification variables was to be tested and, if significant, separate analyses carried out by stratum. Maintenance phase adopted by which pts benefitting from remedy acquired efti or placebo for an additional 52 weeks. All besides 1 acquired 1 remedy and had been included in the full analysis set [(efti (n = 114); placebo (n = 112)]. As nonobligate precursors of invasive illness, pre-cancers provide a novel vantage point from which to study the molecular pathways and evolutionary dynamics that result in the event of life-threatening cancers. Luminal cell adhesion and metabolism pathways are upregulated in controls and cases, respectively. Our multi-scale approach employs in situ methods to generate a spatially resolved atlas of breast precancers where totally different modalities can be instantly comparability with} one another, and correlated with typical pathology findings and medical end result. Whole transcriptome gene expression profiling per single duct Integration and validation with other assays 1. Pts had a median of two (range 1-8) prior lines of remedy in the advanced setting (48. We additionally examined pre-treatment tumor gene expression profiles derived from custom Agilent 44K full-genome microarrays. Previous gene expression profiles had been divided into tertiles (low, intermediate, high). Chemotherapy and immunotherapy are the only effective remedies, but these modalities typically lead to short-term response. Patient-centered models of care, together with eHealth strategies, may help empower younger women to self-manage symptoms and psychosocial considerations, nicely as|in addition to} help informational wants throughout the cancer care trajectory. Mean age at analysis and enrollment was 36 (range 25-44) and 39 (range 31-44) years respectively and 13% (4/30) had been non-white. Nearly all individuals had been receiving remedy (96%, 27/28) together with 54% (15/28), endocrine remedy and 43% (12/28), chemotherapy. Physical domains and younger breast cancer particular domains commonly addressed in clinic. The practically common triggering of information and help for sexual and psychological well being suggests sub-optimal administration of these issues in the medical setting and the potential function for self-management via an eHealth platform for this population. Results: A total of forty two total plasma samples from 7 patients (range 4-8 samples per patient) had been collected at slender time intervals, median 21 days (range 6 to forty two days) between samples. Clonal mutations had been persistently detected across quantity of} samples within patients. Modeled clonal structure in most patients revealed stable, polyclonal profiles, with essential breast cancer driver alterations.

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In 2011 and 2012, tracking was terminated in mid-August outcome of|as a outcome of} few birds had been located in the examine space. In earlier years, tracking success was greater outcome of|as a outcome of} a concurrent telemetry examine on post-fledging ring-necked ducks allowed for a bigger search space at no additional cost. Brood and Duckling Data In 2008, 7 radio-marked hens had broods (n = fifty seven ducklings). We additionally monitored the brood of 1 unmarked hen that was not trapped in time to give her a transmitter. In 2011, following the government shutdown, we had been able to to} locate 5 hens and observe 2 broods that had been still alive. The causes of nest failure in our examine (11% flooding, 75% depredation, 11% abandonment, 3. Abandonment may have been barely greater than other studies, but losses to flooding and abandonment may need been barely confounded if flooding was interpreted as abandonment outcome of|as a outcome of} indicators of flooding had been momentary. Thus, we consider that the causes of nest failure in our examine had been corresponding to other studies. Springs during this examine had been moist and wet, which can have chilled and flooded some eggs in nests. Similarly, we had been able to to} inform that 1 egg of 7 was bad during the first go to of another nest. For instance, in a nest of 15 eggs we noticed small dark spots in several of} eggs when candling halfway by way of incubation and solely four eggs hatched. In another nest of four eggs that was deserted, we opened the eggs and it was apparent that no development had occurred whereas the hen was incubating. Parasitism may have additionally contributed to poor hatching success; 15 eggs is a really massive clutch for a ring-necked duck. Further investigation could be necessary to understand the elements influencing egg viability and any function of parasitism. Hen survival rates for the period June-mid-September had been corresponding to stories for hen mallards during April-September (0. However, given the shorter period of measurement in our examine, we anticipated hen survival to be greater. Brood survival in ring-necked ducks has solely been examined previously in Maine (77% to forty five days, n = sixty four, McAuley and Longcore 1988). Data are being proofed and analyzed for a last report and manuscript preparation. Potential adjustments in tree species richness and forest neighborhood sorts following climate change. Evaluation of isoflurane and propofol anesthesia for intra-abdominal transmitter placement in nesting female canvasback ducks. Nest-site traits and brood-habitat choice of redheads: affiliation between wetland traits and success. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife Populations and Research Group, St. Wetlands searched for ring-necked duck nests in north-central Minnesota during 2008-2012. During spring, several of} hundred lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) had been noticed moribund, unable to fly and/or keep their heads up, and necropsy later confirmed trematodiasis. During the fall of 2012, few lesser scaup had been noticed on Winnibigoshish, but those who had been noticed had been sick. We additionally noticed <100 sick birds at Bowstring and Round lakes, but we had been unable to collect birds from these places. The invasive faucet snail is the one recognized first host of the trematodes that cause the die-offs, so we sampled faucet snails in any respect websites where they had been recognized to occur in interior Minnesota; Lake Winnibigoshish, Upper and Lower Twin lakes, the Shell River, First Crow Wing Lake, and the Crow Wing River. We additionally sampled Bowstring and Round lakes for faucet snails, outcome of|as a outcome of} these lakes are recognized to be important to migrating lesser scaup. These deaths had been attributed to trematodiasis attributable to non-native intestinal trematodes (Cyathocotyle bushiensis, Sphaeridiotrema spp. The trematode species answerable for the die-offs have a complex life cycle that includes two intermediate hosts. The faucet snail (Bithynia tentaculata), a non-native species from Europe (Sauer et al. Adult trematodes develop in waterfowl after they devour infected snails and in American coots (Fulica americana) and customary moorhens (Gallinula chloropus) after consumption of infected bugs. Parasite eggs are then defecated by sick birds and later ingested by snails, persevering with the cycle. Because of this complex life cycle, the dynamics of faucet snail distribution and transmission of those parasites to lesser scaup and other birds are poorly understood. It has since been documented in the mid-Atlantic states, the Great Lakes Region, and Montana, and undoubtedly will continue to unfold (Sauer et al. Since then, trematodiasis has killed an estimated fifty two,000-65,000 waterbirds, primarily lesser scaup and American coots, but also dabbling ducks corresponding to blue-winged teal (Anas discors), northern shoveler (Anas clypeata), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), American black duck (Anas rubripes), and northern pintail (Anas acuta); diving ducks corresponding to ring-necked ducks (Aythya collaris) and redheads (Aythya americana); and other waterfowl corresponding to ruddy ducks (Oxyura jamaicensis), buffleheads (Bucephala albeola), and tundra swans (Cygnus columbianus, R. Page 142 the tap snail was detected in Lake Winnibigoshish in the spring of 2008, following the loss of 7,000 Lesser Scaup and a few hundred coots to trematodiasis the earlier fall (Lawrence et al. The severity of the outbreaks appears to have lessened in Lake Winnibigoshish over time. This outcome of|as a outcome of} fewer birds are stopping over on the lake during migration or there another explanation related to the illness cycle. In any event, these outbreaks are extremely seen and attract the media, which can spur public concern and a desire for motion. In latest years, new areas have been designated as infested with faucet snails in north central Minnesota. The faucet snail was first detected in Upper and Lower Twin lakes and the Shell River in 2009. In 2010, the Crow Wing River was designated as infested with faucet snails, and in 2011, First Crow Wing Lake and Second Crow Wing Lake had been added to the record of waters infested with faucet snails. These newly designated websites may afford us additional alternatives to study this illness cycle. We examined the elements related to faucet snail abundance and distribution, parasite prevalence within snails, and the influence of snail densities and website attributes. For instance, depth influences the quantity of work that scaup should do against buoyancy. Shallow depths are thus important to foraging scaup (Jones and Drobney 1986, Mitchell 1992). If such depths are additionally most well-liked by faucet snails, then the potential for exposure might be much greater than if snails choose dissimilar water depths. The profitability of meals objects will range as a operate of depth, density, and prey type amongst other things (Lovvorn and Jones 1991, Lovvorn et al. New faucet snail infestations had been found in ponds on the White Earth Nation during the summer of 2012, so we added these ponds to our sampling schedule in the fall of 2012 (Figure 1c). We sampled during spring, summer, and fall on the identical factors within a lake or river (Table 1a,b). In small lakes (<405 ha), we used transects that traversed the whole size of the lake and throughout a range of depths. In Lake Winnibigoshish, we had 2 index areas, the West Winni Index Area and the East Winni Index Area, which had been 5-6 km along the longest dimension and roughly 2 km in width. In rivers, we sampled factors at common intervals (500 m) along the infested hall for a most size of 10 km. In small ponds, we placed pattern factors ~100 m apart in such a means as to attempt to maximize the variety of sampling places in every pond (diameter 75-320 m). We collected data on microhabitat variables at every point to look at relationships to snail distribution, the snail neighborhood, and parasite prevalence. We used a magnifying lens and microscope as wanted to identify all invertebrates to Order and famous their presence in every pattern. Each season, we collected a water pattern at every pattern pond, lake, or river and despatched it to the Minnesota Department of Agriculture for evaluation. We additionally identified websites where lesser scaup foraged and picked up benthic samples at these places.

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The new luxury manufacturers are derived from the time of economic prosperity and high expertise in the late twenty century and the early twenty first century, when individuals are constantly happy their materials wishes. Koreans are on the lookout for post-material waves like "emotional connections," significant experiences, and high expertise merchandise: robotic driven vehicles, industrial house trips, augmented actuality watch, custom tailored non secular journey, fantasy organizers, household managers, bio-medical smart clothes, wearable common translation robotic, Asian and historical antiques, and luxury bogs. The Most Extreme Weather Year the year 2015 certainly one of the|is amongst the|is doubtless considered one of the} most excessive climate years in Korean historical past. The worst yellow dust storm covers the nation, followed by the third hottest month. The value of utmost climate occasions is steadily rising and reaches a complete of tons of of billions in damages in 2015. March: Koreans get stuck in the freezing cold climate, showing a dramatic drop in temperature. April: the yellow dust that comes from China causes faculty closures and well being issues with respiratory problems. May: the continued drought in Jeju Island, locating on the southern tip of Korean peninsula, causes a widespread livestock deaths and extreme shortage of water. August: heavy rain and flash floods hit Seoul, one of many biggest rain falls ever recorded in three hours in Korea. September: the worst wildfire burnes more than 10,000 acres and destroys tons of of homes October: the autumn heat wave hits the southern half of} Korea. December: ice storms and excessive cold cause major energy outages and property damages. The conservatives argue that government ought to bring a scaled-back catastrophe reduction fund for the response to excessive climate. They refuse to support the scientific consensus that human actions cause the global warming. It blocks cap-and commerce laws, including a carbon tax, and new energy effectivity bills. Civil society is concerned about excessive climate to a a lot greater extent than some other fields. It criticizes the political events for participating in "gestural politics" (Giddens 2008) outcome of|as a outcome of} their grand plans appear to be imprecise and missing urgency. The excessive climate occasions generate a number of|numerous|a variety of} new organizations to take care of the difficulty. In specific, the Korean Civil Society Coalition on Climate Change, which is based in 2015, pushes environmental protection and local weather change mitigation coverage. It plays a significant function in local weather change coverage assessments and sustainable development coverage. The government takes "a return to planning" (Giddens 2008) which promotes a long term view to non-public and non-private} sectors. The initiatives give attention to} solar and renewable energy residence and a green transportation system. Global warming and excessive climate are sources of risks and alternatives for businesses. They affect on} the agriculture trade, fishery trade, insurance trade, energy intensive trade, and tourism. Energy intensive industries, such as iron, metal, cement, ceramics, glass, aluminum, paper, and chemical compounds, are confronted with rising energy costs and worldwide competition. On the opposite hand, some businesses swiftly 220 transfer to commercialize low carbon and energy effectivity applied sciences. Many Koreans believe that recent excessive climate occasions are proof of worldwide warming. However, some Korean conservative Christians see the extreme climate as a sign from God or the End Times. Korean Christianity remains one of the necessary elements in the dynamism of Korean politics. Some groups of Christians aggressively get entangled in politics and try to control the government. On the opposite hand, the progressive party and giant quantity of|numerous|a lot of} humanist groups criticize Christian theocracy assume about} the extreme climate as an outcome of modernity. Extreme Weather Divide: "Dark with Envy" Koreans are exposed to extreme conditions ranging from disasters to an everyday basis} risks. The most vulnerable communities are typically high population-density urban areas, low-lying coastal areas, and river flood plains. The poor tend to to|are inclined to} have very restricted resources with which to shield themselves from extreme climate conditions, while the rich spend huge sums of cash to shield themselves from lethal conditions. Seoul is reportedly lined by about forty inches (more than one meter), killing dozens of individuals 221 and leaving 1 million households without electrical energy for per week. After the power failure, her rich pal invites her family to her home to keep away from problems that the power outages brought on. Her pal is able to|is ready to} hold lights, residence home equipment, and the home 3D entertainment room operating for days in a whole-home hydrogen fuel cell generator system. The disaster-resistant vacation home is supported by an impact-resistant roof and window system, and a protected room. It is structured to resist earthquakes, floods, snowstorms, and different pure disasters. The disaster-resistant vacation home allows his family to stay protected throughout pure disasters. Purchasing disaster-resistant vacation homes are a vogue that turns into extra widespread for higher class and elite groups. Rich people have typically owned beach condos, mountain cabins, and luxury beachfront villas. The Big Arctic Melt: the Golden Age of Cyropolitics the arctic is experiencing an unprecedented transformation. The Arctic sea ice is steadily diminishing, brought on by the hotter air over the past decades. The melting of sea ice in the Arctic 222 causes the vicious cycle of rising temperatures and rising sea levels. In 2020, the Oslo World Polar Science Conference claims that the Arctic could be the ice free around 2040. The melting Arctic brings a number of|numerous|a variety of} environmental, economic, and political points. The melting ice offers new transport routes between the North Atlantic and the Pacific oceans for goods, fishing, and tourism. Large-scale pure resources such as oil, gasoline, and minerals, are quickly developed in the Arctic and subarctic areas. The melting ice induces new territory disputes pure resources and transport routes. The Arctic geopolitically turns into a heart of "cryopolitics" for "the competition between states to control rising resources and territory created by the melting cryosphere" (Haverluk 2007, 1). Eight Arctic states dispatch Arctic patrol vessels and submarines for ship security and environmental protection. The Arctic is required to have new worldwide agreements and environmental rules. In specific, the Arctic island of Greenland turns into a totally impartial nation from Denmark in 2022. Many Greenlanders believe that their independence secure extra jobs and wealth produced by oil and mining exploration while Greenland enters a stage for a fierce battle between world oil companies. It has called for extreme actions in greenhouse gasoline emissions and coastal protection measures. In specific, Tuamotu islands in French Polynesia, Tuvalu, a tiny island nation in the Pacific, and Maldives, the Indian Ocean islands, are disappearing from sight. The International Environmental Refugee Project establishes the Floating EcoHabitat Project, supported by Global Climate Fund and environmental charities. The project has two branches: the Floating Artificial City Project and Water Floating House Project. The city project builds huge floating synthetic islands to provide homes for environmental refugees.

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• https://www.scubaengineer.com/pictures/compressors/bauer/cfs2Sm_cfs3Sm_containments_fill_stations.pdf
• https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-050906-160656/unrestricted/Keith_Liadis_ETD.pdf
• https://www.dshs.state.tx.us/mch/pdf/Info_for_Parents_FINAL_English.pdf
• http://conferences.illinois.edu/diversitysummit/Documents/Diversity%20Summit%20Program%20(Online%20Version).pdf
• https://www.cell.com/iscience/pdf/S2589-0042(20)30070-5.pdf